Distance has a way of making feelings louder. When you can’t hold his hand or look into his eyes, words become the only bridge between you two. The right touching love messages to make him cry long distance can carry everything you feel across every mile that separates you.
This list gives you 305+ long distance love messages for every mood, from quiet missing-you moments to big, tearful declarations. You’ll also learn why these messages work, when to send them, and what to avoid, so every text lands the way you want it to.
305+ Touching Love Messages to Make Him Cry Long Distance

Below you’ll find every type of message you might need, sorted by mood and moment. Each one is ready to copy and send exactly as it is.
Short and Sweet Touching Love Messages To Make Him Cry Long Distance
Sometimes a few honest words say more than a long paragraph ever could. These short lines work well for a quick good morning text or a small reminder that he’s on your mind.
Distance can’t touch how much I love you.
You’re worth every mile between us.
My heart is with you, wherever you are.
Missing you is my new normal.
No map can measure how much I miss you.
You’re the reason I smile at my phone.
Every mile apart makes me want you closer.
I carry you with me everywhere I go.
This distance is temporary, my love for you is not.
You’re the best part of my every day, even from far away.
I don’t need you near to feel you close.
Some people are worth the wait and the miles.
You make far away feel like home.
I love you more than distance can explain.
My favorite place is wherever you are.
Even oceans can’t separate what we have.
You’re stuck in my heart, no matter the miles.
I miss you in ways I can’t put into words.
Loving you from afar is still loving you fully.
You’re my favorite notification of the day.
This distance is just a chapter, not our story.
I’d cross any distance just to see you smile.
You’re closer to my heart than you think.
No signal, no Wi-Fi, no distance can cut this connection.
I think of you more than you’ll ever know.
You’re the calm in my long distance days.
My heart doesn’t believe in time zones.
You’re worth every long night apart.
I love you across every mile between us.
Distance made me love you even more.
Missing You Messages for Him
Missing someone deeply is one of the hardest parts of long distance love. These messages put that ache into words he can feel.
I didn’t know missing someone could feel this heavy until I met you.
There’s a quiet ache in my chest every time I think about how far you are.
I keep reaching for my phone just to feel a little closer to you.
Some nights the missing you gets so loud I can barely sleep.
I miss the sound of your voice more than I miss anything else.
Every song on the radio somehow reminds me of you.
I miss you in the mornings when I wake up and you’re not here.
Missing you has become the background noise of my whole day.
I wish I could borrow just one hour with you, that’s all I need right now.
I miss the little things, your laugh, your voice, your bad jokes.
No matter how busy my day gets, missing you finds a way in.
I miss you the most in the moments I have no one to share with.
There’s an empty space beside me that only you can fill.
I miss you so much it feels like a physical weight on my chest.
Every empty chair reminds me you should be sitting there.
I miss holding your hand more than I ever thought I would.
Missing you isn’t a feeling anymore, it’s just part of who I am right now.
I miss you the second we hang up the phone.
I wish missing you came with an off switch, but I don’t think I’d use it.
I miss the quiet moments with you the most, not just the big ones.
There’s no cure for missing you except you.
I miss you in a way that makes even good days feel incomplete.
My favorite memories are the ones I made with you close by.
I miss you more today than I did yesterday, and that scares me a little.
Missing you has taught me how deep my love for you really goes.
I miss the way you make ordinary days feel special.
Even in a room full of people, I still miss you.
I miss you enough to count down the days until I see you again.
I miss your hugs the most, they always made everything feel okay.
I miss you in every quiet second of my day.
There’s no version of missing you that doesn’t hurt a little.
I miss the way your presence made hard days easier.
I miss you so much I’ve started talking to your photo.
I miss you more than the distance between us can measure.
Missing you has never made me want to give up, it just makes me love you harder.
Must Visit: 305+ Touching Love Messages to Make Her Cry Long Distance (Deep, Emotional & Heartfelt)
Long Deep Paragraphs for Him

These longer messages go deeper, expressing everything you feel in one honest, unfiltered paragraph.
I don’t think you fully know how much you mean to me. Even with all these miles between us, my mind finds its way back to you every single time it wanders. I think about the way you laugh, the way you make hard days feel a little lighter, and I realize how lucky I am to love someone like you, even from far away.
Some days the distance feels unbearable, and other days I remind myself that what we have is worth every mile. I don’t just miss your presence, I miss the version of me that feels most at peace when I’m with you. Loving you long distance has taught me what patience really means.
There are nights I lie awake thinking about everything we’ve been through together, even with an entire distance between us. I think about your voice, your smile, and the way you always know how to calm my mind. No amount of miles could ever change how deeply I love you.
I never thought I could feel this connected to someone I don’t get to see every day. But somehow, you’ve made distance feel smaller than it really is. Every message, every call, every quiet moment we share reminds me why this love is worth fighting for.
Loving you from far away has shown me a side of love I didn’t know existed. It’s the kind that survives silence, survives time zones, and still finds a way to feel close. You are worth every mile, every missed hug, and every long night without you.
I used to think distance would make love harder to hold onto, but with you, it’s only made it stronger. Every conversation feels like a small reunion, and every goodbye feels like a promise that we’ll be together again soon. That’s the kind of love I never want to let go of.
There’s a quiet strength in loving someone from far away, because it means choosing them again and again, even without proof in front of you. I choose you every single day, even when the distance feels heavy, because you are worth every bit of patience this takes.
Sometimes I catch myself talking to you in my head, telling you about my day like you’re right beside me. That’s how present you are in my life, even with the distance between us. My heart never really left you, it just learned how to love you from far away.
I think the hardest part of loving you long distance isn’t the missing, it’s the wanting. Wanting to hold your hand, wanting to see your face without a screen between us, wanting to feel your presence instead of just hearing your voice. But even that wanting reminds me how deep this love really runs.
You’ve become the person I share everything with, even when we’re miles apart. My good news, my bad days, my random thoughts, they all somehow find their way to you first. That kind of connection doesn’t happen by accident, it happens because what we have is real.
I never imagined loving someone this deeply without seeing them every day, but you’ve changed how I understand love. Distance didn’t weaken what we have, it revealed how strong it already was. Every mile between us has only proven how much I need you in my life.
There’s something beautiful about a love that survives distance, because it means it was never built on convenience. It was built on trust, patience, and choosing each other even when it’s hard. That’s exactly what we have, and I wouldn’t trade it for anything easier.
Some nights the silence between messages feels loud, and I find myself missing you in ways I can’t fully explain. But then I remember every reason I fell for you in the first place, and the distance suddenly feels a little more bearable.
Loving you long distance has taught me that home isn’t a place, it’s a person. And no matter how many miles sit between us, you are still the place my heart feels safest. That’s not something distance can ever change.
I think about the day the distance finally ends more than I think about almost anything else. Until then, I’ll keep loving you through phone calls, late night texts, and every small way I can reach you across the miles.
You are the reason long distance doesn’t feel lonely anymore. Even on the hardest days, knowing you’re thinking about me too makes everything feel a little more okay. That’s the quiet power of a love like ours.
I never realized how much strength it takes to love someone from far away until I met you. But somehow, loving you has never felt like a burden, it’s felt like the easiest, most natural thing I’ve ever done.
Every time we hang up the phone, I feel the distance a little more, but I also feel the depth of what we have a little more too. That’s the strange gift of long distance love, it makes you appreciate every single moment.
I used to be scared of long distance love, but you’ve shown me it can be just as deep, just as real, and just as strong as any love built up close. Distance didn’t take anything away from us, it only proved how much we’re willing to give.
There are days I wish I could fold the distance in half just to be near you sooner. Until then, I’ll keep sending you every piece of my heart through these words, because that’s the closest I can get right now.
I think what I love most about us is that distance never made you feel further away in my heart. If anything, it brought us closer, because we had to learn how to really talk, really listen, and really show up for each other.
Some people need proximity to feel connected, but you and I found a way to stay close even from far away. That’s not luck, that’s the kind of love that doesn’t give up easily.
I don’t need you next to me to feel your love, I feel it in every message, every call, every small effort you make to stay close despite the distance. That’s more than enough to keep me holding on.
I’ve learned that missing someone doesn’t mean the love is fading, it means the love is real enough to feel its absence. That’s exactly how I feel about you every single day.
There’s a version of me that only exists when I’m talking to you, even through a screen. That version feels safe, understood, and completely loved, no matter how many miles sit between us.
I think about all the ordinary moments I wish I could share with you, a coffee, a walk, a quiet evening. Distance took those moments away for now, but it never touched how much I love you.
Loving you from far away has made me appreciate every small effort, every good morning text, every late night call. Those little things carry so much weight when distance is involved.
I never thought I’d fall this deeply for someone I don’t get to see every day, but here I am, completely certain that you are worth every mile.
Some nights I just want to hear your voice, not to talk about anything important, just to feel close to you for a little while. That need never really goes away.
I think the distance has taught us both how to love on purpose, instead of just by habit. That’s something a lot of couples never learn, and I’m grateful we did.
Every mile between us feels smaller when I remember how much you love me back. That reminder alone gets me through the hardest days of missing you.
I never want you to doubt how deeply I love you, even with all this distance. My heart made its choice a long time ago, and that choice was you.
There’s nothing easy about loving someone from far away, but there’s nothing I’d rather do than keep choosing you, mile after mile.
I think the hardest goodbyes are the ones over a screen, but the sweetest hellos are the ones we finally get to say in person. Until then, I’ll keep loving you through every mile.
You are proof that love doesn’t need to be close to be real. Every day apart only strengthens how much I need you in my future.
Devotion and Promise Messages for Him
These messages focus on commitment, showing him that distance hasn’t changed how devoted you are to this relationship.
No matter how far apart we are, my heart stays devoted only to you.
I promise you, distance will never change how much I love you.
You have my heart completely, no matter how many miles sit between us.
I’m not going anywhere, even if the distance feels endless sometimes.
My loyalty to you doesn’t shrink with distance, it grows.
I promise to keep showing up for you, even from far away.
You are my only choice, today, tomorrow, and every mile in between.
Distance can test us, but it will never break my promise to you.
I’m committed to this love, no matter how long the distance lasts.
My heart chose you, and that choice hasn’t changed one bit.
I promise to keep loving you the same, whether you’re near or far.
You can count on me, even when the miles feel impossible.
I made a promise to love you fully, and distance doesn’t cancel that.
No one else has my heart, it’s still only yours, from any distance.
I will keep choosing you, again and again, no matter how far apart we are.
My devotion to you doesn’t need proximity, it just needs you.
I promise to be patient, because you are worth every mile of waiting.
This distance won’t shake what I feel for you, not even a little.
You have my word, my heart, and my patience, for as long as it takes.
I’m devoted to this love, even on the days distance feels heavy.
I promise to keep showing you love, even through a screen.
My commitment to you doesn’t have an expiration date, distance or not.
I choose you today, and I’ll choose you again tomorrow, from any distance.
You are the one promise I never want to break.
I promise to keep our love strong until the distance finally ends.
No mile is long enough to make me stop loving you.
I’m devoted to us, even when it’s hard, even when it’s far.
I promise you patience, loyalty, and love, no matter how long this distance lasts.
My heart stays faithful to you, no matter where I am.
I promise this distance is temporary, but my love for you is not.
Heartfelt Long Distance Love Letters for Him

These longer letter-style messages are perfect for a special note, an anniversary, or simply a moment when you want to say everything at once.
My love, I know this distance hasn’t been easy on either of us, but I want you to know that every mile apart has only made me more certain about how I feel. I think about you constantly, I miss you more than words can explain, and I count every day that brings us closer to being together again. You are worth every bit of this wait.
There are so many things I wish I could tell you in person instead of through a screen. I wish I could hold your hand while I say how much I love you, how much I appreciate your patience, and how proud I am of us for making it through this distance together. Until then, please know that my heart is with you always.
I want you to know that even from far away, you are still the first person I think about every morning and the last person on my mind every night. Distance has tested us in ways I never expected, but it has also shown me how strong our love really is. I love you more today than I did yesterday.
Writing this letter feels like the closest thing to holding you right now. I miss your laugh, your hugs, and the way you always know what to say when I’m having a hard day. Even with all these miles between us, my heart still beats a little faster whenever your name pops up on my phone.
I know long distance isn’t easy, and some days it feels like the hardest thing we’ve ever done. But every time I talk to you, I remember exactly why it’s worth it. You are patient, you are loving, and you are the person I want to build a future with, no matter how far apart we are right now.
My dearest, I want you to know that distance has never once made me question this love. If anything, it has made me appreciate you more than I ever thought possible. I cherish every call, every message, and every small moment we manage to share, because they remind me how lucky I am to love you.
Some nights I sit and think about everything we’ve been through, and I realize how much stronger we’ve become because of the distance, not despite it. I love you for your patience, your honesty, and your ability to make me feel close to you, even when you’re miles away.
I don’t think I could ever fully explain how much I miss you, but I hope this letter comes close. Every day without you feels a little longer, but every day is also a little easier knowing that you’re loving me back just as much from wherever you are.
I want you to know that I don’t take our love for granted, especially with everything distance has put us through. You’ve shown me patience I didn’t know existed and a kind of loyalty that makes me trust this relationship completely. Thank you for loving me from so far away.
There’s something powerful about choosing someone every single day, even when they’re not physically there. That’s what loving you long distance has taught me, and I wouldn’t trade this lesson, or you, for anything easier.
My love, distance has taken away our daily hugs and our late night talks in person, but it has never taken away how deeply I feel about you. I promise to keep showing up for you until the day we finally close this gap for good.
I hope you know that every mile between us has only made my love for you grow stronger. I think about our future together more than I think about the distance itself, because I know it’s only temporary and our love is not.
Some days this distance feels impossible, but then I remember your voice, your patience, and the way you always reassure me when I need it most. That’s when I remember exactly why this love is worth every hard day.
I want to thank you for being patient with me through this distance. You’ve never made me feel unloved, even when we’re miles apart, and that means more to me than you probably realize.
My heart writes you letters like this because words feel like the closest thing to touch when you’re this far away. I love you in every way I know how, and I can’t wait until distance is no longer part of our story.
I know it isn’t easy loving someone from another city, state, or country, but with you, it has never once felt like a mistake. Every mile has only proven how much I need you in my life.
There are moments I wish I could freeze, our calls, our messages, our tiny inside jokes, because they remind me that distance hasn’t taken away our connection at all. I love you more because of how hard we’ve both tried to make this work.
I promise you, my love for you isn’t measured by how close you are, it’s measured by how deeply I feel about you every single day, no matter the distance.
Writing to you feels like a small way of closing the distance, even if only for a few minutes. I love you more than any letter could fully capture, but I hope this comes close.
My love, I know the miles between us are hard, but I also know they’ve made our bond stronger than I ever expected. I can’t wait for the day this distance becomes just a small part of our much bigger story.
I want you to know how much your patience means to me through all of this. Loving someone long distance takes effort, and you’ve never once made me feel like I wasn’t worth that effort.
Every message you send reminds me how much you care, even from far away. I hold onto those words the same way I would hold onto your hand if you were here.
I think about our reunion more than almost anything else these days. Until then, I’ll keep writing you letters like this one, hoping they carry just a little bit of the love I can’t say enough.
My dearest, thank you for loving me through every time zone, every missed call, and every hard night apart. You’ve made distance feel a lot less lonely than I thought it would be.
I want you to know that distance has never made me love you less, it has only made me appreciate every single moment we do get to share.
There is so much I want to say to you in person, but until then, please take this letter as proof that my heart hasn’t wandered an inch, even with all these miles.
My love, you are worth every long night, every early morning call, and every mile between us. I can’t wait to close this distance for good.
I hope you feel how much I love you through every word in this letter. Distance may separate us physically, but it has never separated our hearts.
I want you to know that even on my hardest days, thinking of you makes everything feel a little more manageable. That’s the quiet power your love has over me, even from far away.
My dearest, I promise to keep writing you letters like this until the day we don’t need them anymore, the day we’re finally together, close enough to say it all out loud.
Text and SMS Messages to Make Him Cry

These quick texts are perfect for regular check-ins throughout the day, keeping the emotional connection alive even when you’re both busy.
Just wanted to remind you that I love you more than this distance can measure.
Thinking about you right now and missing you more than usual.
You crossed my mind again, that happens a lot these days.
I hope your day is going well, mine feels better just texting you.
Missing you a little extra today, no real reason, just love you.
Wish you were here to see this, it reminded me of you.
Just checking in to say I love you and I’m counting down the days.
You’re my favorite thought in the middle of a busy day.
I hope you know how much you’re loved from all the way over here.
This distance is hard, but you make it worth it every single day.
Sending you love across every mile between us right now.
I keep smiling at my phone because I’m thinking about you.
You’re the reason today feels a little brighter, even from far away.
I miss your voice, call me when you get a chance.
Just wanted you to know you’re always on my mind today.
I love you more than any text could ever explain.
Counting down until I get to see your face again.
You make missing someone feel like the most worthwhile thing.
I hope this text reaches you with as much love as I mean it.
I wish I could hug you through this phone right now.
Just a small reminder that my heart is completely yours.
I love you today, tomorrow, and every mile in between.
You’re stuck in my thoughts today, in the best possible way.
I hope you feel how much you’re loved, even from a distance.
This distance sucks, but loving you never gets old.
I miss you enough to text you three times before lunch.
You make even a text message feel like a warm hug.
I love you more today than I did yesterday, and that’s saying something.
Sending you a virtual hug because that’s all I’ve got right now.
I hope wherever you are, you know I’m thinking of you.
Late Night Messages for Him
Nighttime brings quiet thoughts and honest feelings. These messages are perfect for those late hours when missing him feels the strongest.
It’s late, and I’m still thinking about you, like always.
I can’t sleep without telling you how much I love you tonight.
The quiet of the night always brings you straight to my mind.
I wish you were here to say goodnight in person tonight.
My last thought before I sleep is always you.
The house feels quieter at night without your voice around.
I’m lying here missing you more than I expected to tonight.
Nighttime makes the distance feel a little heavier, but so does my love for you.
I hope you’re sleeping well, wherever you are right now.
I keep replaying our last call in my head before I sleep.
Goodnight, my love, distance or not, you’re still the last thing on my mind.
The stars remind me of you tonight, they’re far away too, but still shining.
I wish I could hear your voice one more time before I fall asleep.
Some nights the missing you hits harder than others, tonight is one of them.
I hope you dream well tonight, knowing you’re loved from far away.
It’s midnight here, and you’re still the only thing on my mind.
I can’t fall asleep without telling you I love you first.
The night feels longer when I know you’re not right beside me.
I hope this message reaches you before you fall asleep tonight.
My heart always finds its way back to you before I sleep.
I wish you were here to hold onto tonight, instead of just my phone.
Goodnight, my love, sleep well and know you’re deeply missed.
The quiet hours always remind me how much I need you close.
I hope tonight brings you peace, even without me right there.
I keep looking at your photos before I fall asleep, it helps a little.
The distance feels bigger at night, but so does my love for you.
I wish you sweet dreams and a little more patience for this distance.
I love you most in these quiet late night moments.
Goodnight from far away, I hope you feel loved just the same.
I’m sending you all my love before I close my eyes tonight.
After a Fight, Long Distance Repair Messages

Long distance fights can feel especially painful because you can’t just sit down and talk it out in person. These messages help rebuild connection after a disagreement.
I hate fighting with you when I can’t even hold your hand to make it better.
I’m sorry for what I said, distance makes it too easy to misunderstand each other.
I don’t want to go to sleep angry when we’re already this far apart.
I miss you more when we’re upset, please let’s talk this through.
No fight is worth losing what we’ve built across all these miles.
I’m sorry, distance already makes things hard enough without us fighting too.
I know I was wrong, and I don’t want this distance between us to grow any bigger.
Let’s not let a misunderstanding turn into more distance than we already have.
I miss you too much to stay upset for long.
I’m sorry for hurting you, especially when you’re already so far away.
This distance is hard enough, please let’s fix this together.
I don’t want silence between us on top of all these miles.
I love you too much to let a fight keep us apart longer than we already are.
I’m sorry, I should have chosen my words more carefully.
I know things got tense, but my love for you hasn’t changed one bit.
Please forgive me, I hate feeling distant from you in every way right now.
I miss you and I’m sorry, can we talk when you have time?
I don’t want pride to make this distance feel even longer.
I’m sorry for my part in this, you mean too much to me to fight like this.
Let’s fix this before the distance makes it feel bigger than it is.
I know I hurt you, and I want to make it right, even from far away.
I’m sorry, I never want a fight to feel bigger than our love.
I miss us, and I want to fix this as soon as you’re ready to talk.
I love you too much to stay upset over this.
I’m sorry for the hurtful words, they don’t reflect how much I love you.
Reunion and Hope Messages for Him
These messages focus on the future, the moment the distance finally ends, and everything you’re looking forward to together.
One day this distance will just be a story we tell about how strong we were.
I can’t wait for the day I don’t have to say goodbye through a screen.
Every day apart is one day closer to being together again.
I imagine our reunion more than I imagine almost anything else.
This distance is temporary, but the love we’re building will last a lifetime.
I can already picture the moment I finally get to hug you again.
Soon this distance will be behind us, and I can’t wait for that day.
I hold onto hope every day that we’re one step closer to being together.
One day I’ll hold your hand instead of just reading your texts.
I dream about the day this distance disappears completely.
We’re closer to our reunion than we’ve ever been, and that keeps me going.
I can’t wait to finally close this gap between us for good.
This distance taught us patience, our reunion will teach us joy.
I keep a countdown in my mind for the day I see you again.
Every mile between us now is one less mile later.
I believe in us, and I believe our reunion is closer than it feels.
One day soon, this distance will just be a memory we laugh about.
I can’t wait to make up for every hug we missed out on.
This distance will end, but everything we built through it will stay.
I picture our future together more than I picture the distance itself.
The day we finally reunite is going to feel like everything we waited for.
I hold onto hope because our love has already proven it’s worth it.
Soon we’ll trade video calls for real hugs, and I can’t wait.
I know our reunion is coming, and it keeps me going through every hard day.
This distance is only a season, our love is forever.
I look forward to the day distance is no longer part of our story.
One day we won’t need texts to feel close, we’ll just have each other.
I hold onto every countdown, because it means we’re closer to together.
This distance is teaching us patience for a love that’s absolutely worth it.
I can’t wait to finally say I love you without a screen between us.
Quotes and Lines to Make Him Cry
Short, powerful lines that hit hard, perfect for a caption, a card, or the final message that says it all.
Distance means so little when someone means so much.
The best kind of love is the one worth waiting for.
Miles apart, but never far from my heart.
True love doesn’t need distance to prove itself, it survives it.
Missing you is the price I pay for loving you this deeply.
Some love stories are written across miles, not just moments.
You are worth every mile and every minute of missing you.
Love isn’t about being together, it’s about staying together.
The distance is temporary, the love is not.
I’d rather love you from far than not love you at all.
No distance can outlast a love this strong.
Home isn’t a place, it’s the person you miss the most.
Every mile between us is a promise waiting to be kept.
Love always finds a way, even across the longest distance.
Distance is just a test to see how strong our love really is.
Waiting for you is the hardest kind of patience I’ve ever learned.
I fell for you across the distance, and I’m still falling.
Some hearts are just meant to find each other, no matter the miles.
Missing you has become my quiet, daily reminder of how deeply I love you.
Our love doesn’t need proximity, it just needs time.
Every long distance love story deserves a happy reunion, and ours will have one.
You’re the reason distance feels worth it.
I choose you today, tomorrow, and every mile in between.
The miles are temporary, but what we feel for each other is forever.
Even the longest distance can’t outlast true love.
Loving you long distance has taught me patience I never knew I had.
You are the one thing distance could never take from me.
No matter how far, my heart always finds its way back to you.
This distance made me appreciate every single moment we share.
One day, the miles between us will just be a story we tell.
FAQs
How to make him feel special over text long distance?
Send messages that are specific to him, mention real memories, real compliments, and real feelings. Timing also matters, morning and nighttime messages tend to feel more personal.
How do I express my deep love to him to make him cry text?
Be honest and specific. Share a real memory, a real fear, or a real hope for your future together instead of a generic compliment.
How to make a guy cry over text long distance?
Combine longing with reassurance. Let him know how much you miss him while also reminding him the distance is temporary and your love is not.
How do I touch his heart with words?
Focus on vulnerability and honesty. Messages that admit real feelings, instead of just saying nice things, tend to touch people the most.
Conclusion
Long distance love takes patience, honesty, and a lot of heart, but the right words can close the gap even when the miles can’t. Whether you send a short text or a long letter, what matters most is that it’s real. Use these touching love messages to make him cry long distance whenever you want him to feel exactly how deeply he’s loved, no matter how far away he is.

Timmy Abu Zar is the writer and voice behind CondolenceMessages.com, dedicated to helping people find comforting words during life’s most difficult moments. With a deep respect for the many ways people grieve and remember, Timmy writes thoughtful, sincere messages and guides to support readers through loss, no matter their background or beliefs.










